Arctic ice Eternal Endangered Missing

The North Pole permafrost shrinking each year as illustrated in the comparison condition of the winter of 2007 and 2008.

Permafrost in the Arctic may disappear altogether this year according to the predictions of experts. If the condition is a true, sea-level rise due to melting ice mass cannot be prevented as it is feared all along.

Mark Serreze, of the Center for National Snow and Ice Data (NSIDC), the U.S., said this summer is expected to lead to an extreme that the polar ice sheet is completely discharged. A number of factors that affected the Arctic ice conditions last year have caused the ice in the Arctic this year is very thin so the risk when entering the summer.

On September 2007, a thick layer of ice on the surface waters of the Antarctic reached a record low. Even as it is, the North-West canal that froze and connecting Greenland and Alaska ships can pass. Permafrost in the region is thickened again in the winter, even at its peak in March 2008, ice coverage wider than the previous year.

However, the measured long-term trend since 1978, shows that the vast Antarctic ice continues to shrink. Even if the extent of the increase, which was formed a year-old layer of ice is more easily melted. Meanwhile, the permafrost is likely to continue decreasing. NSIDC measure, the area of permafrost in the Arctic average decrease 44 000 square kilometers each year.

"This is the thing that should receive attention of the world. The most troubling is the fact that the annual ice age - which does not melt during the summer - do not recover as fast as Arctic ice that normally melts," said Serreze. Extensive layer of ice that melts when the average summer half of the new ice that forms between September and March. However, in 2007, almost all of the newly formed ice layers melt.

In addition, in this winter of the Arctic oscillation phenomenon, positive peak. These conditions are known to cause the flow of strong winds, which will force in the Arctic permafrost melts and the water flows to the east coast of Greenland. Extreme events such as that which causes the Arctic ice cap layer thinner and younger.

However, other natural factors can save permafrost. If the trend as the flow of warm air in the summer of last year, the North Pole lost a lot of eternal ice. However, if the wind was blowing a lot of cyclones that are cool, the ice would survive.

Not only are polar bears are threatened his life due to the drastic changes in the ice. At the North Pole as depicted in the movie "Earth." Humans should also be prepared to face the impact if the sea-level rise, tides, and waves.

Albert Einstein

Who does not know with Albert Einstein? Thanks to the theory of relativity that he found, Einstein has become famous and the most influential scientist in the 20th century this. Even his genius is often equated with the great scientist Sir Isaac Newton. It may be considered to have given Einstein's many contributions to the development of physics, just as what has been inherited Newton.

 Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, a part of the Wurttemberg, Germany. The age of 23, Einstein was working in an office in Bern, Switzerland, began to make a scientific work that was done physics among his leisure time. Three years later, in 1905, Einstein published his work on the theory of relativity.

Einstein proposed the theory of relativity is then the basis for the theories of modern physics further. His work also gives a great impact for all lines of development of modern physics, from quantum theory, nuclear to atomic bombs.

Although his work has been published, Einstein continued his research and refine the theory first. Finally, in 1915, the theory of relativity which has been refined as we know it has been published.

Five years later, Einstein's name was known throughout the world. In 1921, he got the Nobel Prize in the field thanks to the discovery of the photoelectric effect. Twelve years later, Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Here he worked at an institute of science at the end. Einstein died in 1955.

His genius in finding some of the basic theories of modern physics is often equated with Newton. Nothing wrong with that then Einstein with his white hair a mess became an icon for the genius of modern society. TIME magazine was in 2000 put his name in the most influential figures in 20th century. Einstein himself thinks that the imagination plays a major role in the discovery, as he once said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge."

Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid

DNA (Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid) as the basic structural arrangements of blocks of life are well-known in the biological sciences and genetics of the 20th century. I became popular by Nobel-winning scientist Francis Crick called the Biology discovered the structure of the DNA double helix. Through his theory of the staggering, the Directed Panspermia in 1973. Crick declared, "we are beginning to discover the secret of life" they will be the basic assumption theory is based on the evidence found in his research yes to the conclusion that "DNA ORIGIN OF THE EARTH IS NOT" but dating from somewhere outside the earth. Crick discovered that the origin of life forms in the world is derived from a single source rather than from multiple sources. And in the case of human DNA constituent chemical elements more precisely consists of elements that are not widely available on earth. It is strange indeed if the DNA is assumed to occur due to chemical and physical processes on Earth, why it itself contains DNA elements that are actually rare in the earth ..

Crick's hypothesis:

A. Genetic code is identical in all living things

2. Early forms of life emerged on earth suddenly, without a nervous breakdown signs of the existence of previous ancestors.

Could this DNA comes from outside the earth there? Maybe once, and until now there is no dispute about the Crick theory is, even some scientists actually reinforce the theory. And this DNA may not carry over accidentally by a comet or a meteor as a living thing-repetition is death diperjalan. Another jg likelihood that this DNA was brought to earth with a special transfortasi and anyone who took him then to plant genetics. And whether the emergence of Homo sapiens as a result of planting tiba2 this genetic code.

Well of Zam-Zam And Fact

Well of Zam-Zam

  Zam-zam water benefits certainly not hear that should be explained, but if mythical geological Zam-zam well could probably be explained here. A little story of Pre-Islamic, or before the birth of Prophet Muhammad, beginning with the story of Prophet Ibrahim's wife, Siti Hajar, who is looking for water for her story. The well is then not much or no story, so well is reported missing.

Well, of Zam-zam which we now see is the well dug by his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, the Prophet Muhammad. So at this time, Zam-zam  category Dug Well Water.

Dimensions and the Well of Zam-zam Profile

Form of the well of Zam-zam

  Under Ibrahim Wadi alluvial layer, there is half a meter (0.5 m) layer of water, which is passed (permeable). Layer of water that is passed is what is the main place of water-water discharge from the well of Zam-zam
Zam-zam spring water
   Depth of 17 meters further down, the well penetrated a layer of hard rock in the form of igneous Diorite. There used to be a suspected fracture is towards the Red Sea. However, do not exist (perhaps I just have not found) geological report, which shows it.

   Of pumping test well is capable of flowing water for 11 - 18.5 liters / sect, can reach up to 660 liters per minute / minute or 40 000 liters per hour. Cracks or fissures that emit this one quite a lot of water. There is a slit (crack) which extends towards the Black Stone with a length of 75 cm height 30 cm premises, as well as some small gaps towards Shaffa and Marwa.
  Geometric description of other, well below the gap where Thawaf 1:56 m, total depth of 30 m from the edge of the well, water from the edge of the well depth = 4 m, 13 m depth of the spring, from spring at the bottom of the well 17 m, and diameter wells ranged over from 1:46 up to 2.66 meters.

Rainwater As A Source Of Blessing

  City of Makkah is located in the the valley, according to SGS (Saudi Geological Survey) that supplies a broad basin catchment area is an area of ​​60 km2 only, of course, not too wide as a receiver basin rainfall. The well water sources Zam-zam water primarily from rain that fell in the area around Makkah.

The hydrology of this well is just plain well that are in need of care. Treatment includes keeping the well water quality and environmental hygiene as well as maintaining water supply wells in order to meet the needs of the pilgrims in Makkah. Land clearing for settlement in the surrounding Makkah is very cleanly laid out to avoid a reduction in the capacity of these wells.

  The image above shows the location of the well of Zamzam is located in the middle of the valley that extends. Haram Mosque in the middle between the hills, the hills around it. Catchment area of only 60 square km is certainly small enough to catch the rain water is very scarce in Makkah, and require monitoring and maintenance of highly specialized.

  Well, of Zamzam was, once again in view of (scientific) hydro geology, just like ordinary dug wells. Not too special compared to other wells dug. However, because this wells religious meaning, it needs to be maintained. Many are excited about this water because the well is believed to bring fortune. Some claimed the well can also be dry if not kept. Even if we know the story of this well was rediscovered by Abdul Muttalib (grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad SAW) after missing buried 4000 years (?).

  In the past, there are well over a building in an area of ​​8.3 mx 10.7 m = 88.8 m2. Between the years 1381-1388 H of this building to expand the place thawaf eliminated. So the place to drink Zamzam water is moved into the basement. Underground drinking water is provided where the number of zam-zam water tapped 350 (220 male valves for faucets and 130 for women), female-male lobby was separated.

Monitoring and maintenance of the well of Zamzam
  Currently building on the well of Zam-Zam seen the picture above it is not there anymore, even the entry to the basement even this has been closed. So the space for worship Thawaf becomes more widespread. However, if you're observant fitting Thawaf, we can still see no sign of where the well is located. The well is located approximately 20 meters east of the Kaaba.

Monitoring and maintenance of the well of Zam Zam

   The number of pilgrims to Makkah thirty years ago only 400 000 / year (approximately in the year 1970), continued to increase to more than a million pilgrims annually in the years around 1990, and currently has more than 2.2 million. Required maintenance of the well is certainly that is one of the wonders and the main attraction for pilgrims.
  The Saudi government certainly cannot just let the silent surrender of this well preserved by God through the natural process. But the government of modern Saudi Arabia that have been scientifically current and scientifically establish a special agency to deal with this well of Zamzam. It looks like Saudi Arabia also not simply believe it to surrender to God as a guard, but it is man who believes strongly in these wells must maintain a blessing.

Pump Systems

  In 1971 conducted the study (research) hydrology by a hydrology expert from Pakistan named Tariq Hussain and Moin Uddin Ahmed. This was triggered by a statement from a doctor in Egypt stating Zamzam water and hazardous waste contaminated water for consumption. Tariq Hussain (including myself of the hydro geology) also cast doubt on speculation of a long fissure that connects the Red Sea to the Well of Zam-zam, since Mecca is located 75 Kilometers from the beach.

 Regarding the alleged Egyptian doctor is, of course the results refute the claim that a doctor from Egypt, but there are things more important to me that this is precisely the study Tariq Hussain finally spurring the government of Saudi Arabia to pay attention to the Well of Zamzam is modern. Currently, many new buildings are built around the Grand Mosque, also lots of tunnels built around Makkah, so that the current  Construction is to be really tightly controlled as it will affect the local hydro geological conditions.

Research Agency under the well of Zamzam SGS
(Saudi Geological Survey) It assigned to:

* Monitor and maintain to keep from the well is dry.* Maintain an urban surrounding Wadi Ibrahim as it affects the water filling.* Manage the flow of water from the catchment area (recharge area).* Maintain the movement of ground water and also maintain quality control over the building.* Upgrading and pumps and receiver tanks.* Optimize supplies and distribution of Zam-zam water

Development of the Zam Zam well maintenance. 

  Long ago, Zamzam was taken with a scoop or bucket, but then the water pump was built in 1373 H/1953 M. This pump delivers water from the wells to water reservoirs, and among them also to tap-tap that is around the well of Zamzam.
  Pumping test (pumping test) was performed on these wells, the pumping 8000 liters / sec for more than 24 hours showed the well water level from 3.23 meters to 12.72 meters below the surface and then until 13:39 meters. After it stopped pumping water level is back to 3.9 meters above the surface of the wells in 11 minute after the pump was stopped. So easy to believe that the aquifer that supplies water comes from several crack's fracture in the hills around Makkah.
  Many things have been done the Saudi government to maintain these wells, among others, by establishing a special agency in 1415 H (1994). and now has built a channel to channel to the Zam-zam water storage tanks with a capacity of 15,000 m3, continued with another tank at the top of the Grand Mosque in order to serve the pedestrians and travelers. Other than that of Zam-zam water is also transported to other places to use them to tank truck Nabawi Mosque in Madina Al-Munawarrah.
  Currently the well is equipped with electric submersible PUM is embedded below. We can only see the pictures just as above. This is a drum on the right side hidrograf, Old style drum hydrograph used for recording levels in the Zamzam Well.

 Mineral Content

  Unlike a common mineral water, the water of Zamzam is unique in containing the natural elements of 2000 mg/liter. Usually the natural mineral water (carbonated water hard) will not be more than 260 mg per liter. Chemical elements contained within the water of Zamzam can be grouped into The first, positive ions such as sodium (250 mg/liter), calcium (200 mg/liter), potassium (20 mg/liter) and magnesium (50 mg/liter).Second, negative ions such as sulfur (372 mg/liter), bicarbonates (366 mg per liter), nitrate (273 mg/liter), phosphate (0.25 mg/liter) and ammonia (6 mg/liter).

Zam zam water molecules

  The content of chemical elements is what makes the taste of the water of Zamzam is believed to provide unique and special properties. Water is readily available that are scattered around the Grand Mosque, and the Prophet's mosque in Madinah is the water that has been processed so it is safe to drink, fresh, chilled, and there are some cool (warm). However, the process is said hygienists not use chemical processes to avoid changes in taste and content of this water.