Atomic clock is a type of clock that uses the atomic resonance frequency standard as penghitungnya. Beginning of the maseratomic clocks with other equipment. The best atomic frequencystandards now under the more advanced physics involving coldatoms and atomic fountains.
National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST (NationalBoard of Standards and Technology United States) to maintain the accuracy of 10-9 seconds per day, and the accuracy of the sameradio frequency transmitter that maser pumping. Hour time scale to maintain a stable and sustainable, that the International AtomicTime (International Atomic Time) (TAI). For public consumption,others used the time scale, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).UTC is derived from TAI, but synchronized with day and night thanon astronomical observations.
The first atomic clock made in 1949 at the National Bureau ofStandards U.S. The first accurate atomic clock, based on thetransition of cesium-133 atoms, made by Louis Essen in 1955 atthe National Physical Laboratory in Britain. This led to international agreements as a basis for describing the second of atomic time.
In August 2004, NIST scientists demonstrated a chip-scale atomic clocks. According to the researchers, is at one hundredth the sizeof the hours that have been there before. And they state that onlyrequires 75 hours milliwatt, making it suitable for applications thatuse batteries.
Clock radio atomic clock modern use as a reference, andprovides a way to get the atomic clock provided by the high qualityof a wide area using inexpensive gear.
Maser reference frequency for the chamber room sparklingcontains ionized gas, usually cesium, because the element cesiumis used in the official definition of international seconds.
Since 1967, the International Unit System (SI) has defined thesecond as 9,192,631,770 vibrations of radiation associated with the transition between two energy levels of the ground state ofcesium-133 atom. This definition is a cesium oscillator (oftencalled atomic clocks) as the primary standard for time andfrequency measurements (see the cesium standard). Otherquantities, such as volt meter, hold on second definition as part ofits definition.
The contents of the atomic clock is a microwave cavity (holeresonances) which contains ionized gas, a microwave tunedoscillator (tunable), and a feedback loop that is used to set theoscillator to the frequency of the most accurate of the absorptioncharacteristics (absorption) is determined by their behaviorindividual atoms.
A microwave transmitter to fill the chamber with a standing waveradio (standing wave). When the radio frequency coincides with the hyperfine transition frequency of cesium, the cesium atomsabsorb radio waves and then emit light. Radio waves make theelectrons away from the nucleus. When electrons return to near the nucleus, because the tensile loads of different styles, the vibratingelectrons before the silence at the new place. This displacementcauses the light beam, which is actually the vibration of electric and magnetism.
A fotosel receive light. When light is overcast because the stimulusfrequency was shifted from the resonant frequency, the electronicequipment between the photocell and radio transmitter to set the frequency of the radio transmitter.
Adjustment process is largely situation is the complexity of this system. The adjustments to try to eliminate the side effects, such as the frequency of the other electron transitions, distortions inquantum field and temperature effects in the mechanism. Forexample, radio frequency is changed to form a sinusoidalmodulation signal at the photocell. Signals from the photocell could then be used as a control didemodulasi for the long-term shift inthe radio frequency. Thus, the properties of ultra-accurate than the quantum mechanics of the transition frequency of cesium atomscan be used to set the microwave oscillator to the same frequency(except for a small experimental error). In practice, feedback andmonitoring mechanism is much more complex than that describedabove. When a new clock is on, the clock is take a long timebefore I can trust.
A counter counting the number of waves made by a radiotransmitter. A computer reads the counter, and count them tochange those numbers into something that seems similar to adigital watch or a radio wave is emitted. Of course, the clock isactually a mechanism of cavity, oscillator and feedback loop tomaintain the frequency standard, which became the basis of these hours.
A number of other methods used in atomic clocks for other purposes. Rubidium clock is very much loved because of its cheap price and small size (small commercial standard 400 cm3), andkestabilitasan short term. The hours are widely used in commercialapplications, portable, and outer space. Hydrogen maser (oftenmade in Russia) has a strong short-term stability compared toother standards, but it has disadvantages in the long termaccuracy.
Often, a standard used to improve other standards. For example, acommercial application using Rubidium standard is linked to aGPS receiver. This system has the toughness of the short-termaccuracy, the accuracy of long-term national standard equivalent tothe United States.
Age of a standard is an important issue. Modern Rubidiumstandard could survive more than ten years, and spend as little asU.S. $ 50 fare. Reference cesium tube is suitable for a national standard, this time lasting up to seven years, and spent the costprice of U.S. $ 35,000. Standard.
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